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The '''southern screamer''' (Chauna torquata), also known as the crested screamer, is a large, distinctive bird native to South America. Belonging to the Anhimidae family along with the horned screamer (Anhima cornuta) and the northern screamer (Chauna chavaria), these terrestrial birds share close relations with ducks, geese, and swans, as well as some similarities to game birds like galliformes.

==Taxonomy and Classification==

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anhimidae
Genus: Chauna
Species: C. torquata

==Physical Characteristics==

Southern screamers are large-bodied birds, with a body length of up to 36 inches (91 cm) and a wingspan ranging between 63-77 inches (160-195 cm). They possess a short, feathered crest on their heads, which gives them their alternative name, crested screamer. Their plumage is predominantly grayish-brown, with black-and-white markings on the wings. Southern screamers have robust legs and large, partially webbed feet adapted for walking and swimming.

==Distribution and Habitat==

The southern screamer is native to South America, predominantly found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. They inhabit wetlands, marshes, swamps, and freshwater lakes and rivers, with a preference for shallow water and areas with dense vegetation.

==Behavior==

Southern screamers are social birds, often found in pairs or small groups. They are territorial and use their loud, distinctive calls to communicate with each other and ward off rival birds. Despite their bulky size, they are strong fliers, capable of covering long distances when necessary.

==Diet==

These omnivorous birds consume a diverse diet consisting of plant materials like seeds, leaves, and aquatic plants, as well as insects, small fish, and other invertebrates. Their diet varies seasonally and depends on food availability in their habitat.

==Reproduction==

Southern screamers breed during the rainy season when their wetland habitat is flooded. They construct large nests made from plant materials, typically located near the water's edge or on floating vegetation. Both parents share the responsibility of incubating the eggs and caring for the offspring. Clutch sizes range from 2 to 5 eggs, with an incubation period of approximately 45 days. The chicks are precocial and are able to walk and swim shortly after hatching.

==Conservation Status==

The IUCN currently lists the southern screamer as a species of Least Concern. Although they face some threats from habitat loss and hunting, their populations are relatively stable, and they are not considered endangered.

==Cultural Significance==

The southern screamer holds cultural significance in some South American communities, featuring in indigenous art and mythology. Their loud calls have earned them a reputation as the "voice of the marshes" in some local cultures.